Relationship between workplace ostracism and knowledge hiding; mediational role of reciprocity beliefs among college teachers.

Based on the social exchange theory and conservation of resources theory, the present research aimed to study the role of reciprocity beliefs in the relationship between workplace ostracism and knowledge hiding among college teachers. The study was conducted on a sample of 490 college teachers (i.e., 250 men & 240 women). The sample's age ranged from 24 to 58 years (M = 28, SD = 1.30). Psychometrically strong measurement tools were used to measure the constructs. Simple linear regression analysis demonstrated workplace ostracism as a significant positive predictor of knowledge hiding for college teachers. Mediation analysis demonstrated that negative and generalized reciprocity beliefs significantly mediated the relationship between workplace ostracism and knowledge hiding. This research will help organizations develop clear policies that encourage knowledge sharing and provide support systems for instructors with experience of ostracism. Limitations and suggestions of the current study for further empirical endeavors have also been discussed.

Relationship between teachers' professional identity and career satisfaction among college teachers: role of career calling.

Objectives: Professional identity has been found an important determinant of career satisfaction of employees working in various fields. Teachers' professional identity is a relatively less explored domain. Considering the importance of teacher's career satisfaction, the current study was designed to test the role of career calling in the relationship between teachers' professional identity and career satisfaction. Methods: A sample of teachers (N = 300) with (n = 115) men and (n = 185) women was recruited from the colleges of Sargodha City, Pakistan with an age range from 24 to 45 (M = 31.3, SD = 6.4). A purposive sampling technique was employed for data collection. Variables of the present study were operationalized through the Professional Identity Scale, Brief Calling Scale, and Career Satisfaction Scale. Results: Path analysis revealed that normative identity did not have any direct or indirect effects on career satisfaction and career calling. Whereas affective and efficacy identity demonstrated significant positive direct effects on career calling whereas career calling had significant positive direct effect on career satisfaction. Efficacy identity also had a significant positive direct effect on career satisfaction. Finally, both affective and efficacy identity had significant positive indirect effects on career satisfaction via career calling. Conclusion: The findings of the current study may help in devising plans to improve the career satisfaction of teachers working in the higher education sector.

Construction and Validation of the Belief in Divine Retribution Scale for Pakistani Muslims.

The purpose of the study was to construct and validate a Belief in Divine Retribution Scale for the Pakistani Muslim population. The process of construction and validation was completed by following standardized guidelines for scale construction (Boateng et al., 2018). The present study was carried out in four phases. In phase I, the task of item generation was completed through literature review and interviews (inductive and deductive approaches). Phase II aimed at exploration of factor structure. Exploratory factor analysis was carried out on a sample of seven hundred Muslim participants. Data for EFA were collected through a purposive sampling technique, which comprised both men (n = 339) and women (n = 361) with an age range of 18 to 69 years. Results of EFA revealed a two-factor structure with a cumulative variance of 42.59 and with a Cronbach alpha reliability of .83. To confirm the obtained factor structure, Phase III was carried out on a sample of three hundred Muslim participants. The results of CFA confirmed the two-dimensional factor structure with a good model fit to the data. Phase IV provided evidence of convergent and discriminant validity of the scale. Moreover, data for validation were collected from an independent sample (N = 204). Finally, the results of validation revealed that there exists a significant positive correlation of Belief in Divine Retribution Scale with Belief in Just World Scale, which provided evidence of convergent validity. However, there exists a non-significant correlation of Belief in Divine Retribution Scale with Religious Practice Subscale of Short Muslim Practice and Belief Scale, and it provided evidence of discriminant validity. Implications along with limitations and suggestions for future research have also been mentioned.

Development and Validation of Apeiroanxiety Scale in the Context of the Afterlife for Pakistani Muslim Adults.

Apeiroanxiety is a fear of infinity. Some people may experience anxiety or discomfort when contemplating the vastness or endless nature of certain concepts, such as time or space. Addressing any form of anxiety is important as it can impact an individual's daily functioning, wellbeing, and quality of life. The current study is aimed at developing a reliable and valid measure of apeiroanxiety in the context of the afterlife for the Pakistani Muslim population. The research had three studies: Query Study I generated an item pool of 18 items based on a literature review, semi-structured interviews, and expert opinion. This item pool was administered to a convenient sample of Pakistani Muslim participants (n = 1277). As a result of exploratory factor analysis, a uni-dimensional factor solution with five items was yielded (α = 0.90). Confirmatory factor analysis confirmed the obtained uni-dimensional factor solution in study II of the research with an excellent model fit. In study III, the convergent and discriminant validity of the scale was established on a separate independent sample (n = 485). Results yielded evidence of convergent validity as negative afterlife belief and rumination had a positive correlation with apeiroanxiety. The discriminant validity was established by a non-significant relationship between positive afterlife belief and apeiroanxiety. Moreover, the limitations, suggestions, and implications of the study are discussed.

Construction and Validation of the Research Misconduct Scale for Social Science University Students.

The current study aims to construct and validate a measure of research misconduct for social science university students. The research is comprised of three studies; Study I presents the scale construction in three phases. In Phase I, the initial pool of items was generated by reviewing the literature and considering the results of semi-structured interviews. Phase II involved a psychometric cleaning of items, after which 38 items were retained. In Phase III, those 38 items were proposed to 652 university students, and data were exposed to exploratory factor analysis, which extracted a one-factor structure with 15 items and 55.73% variance. Study II confirmed the factorial structure of the scale using an independent sample (N = 200) of university students. Confirmatory factor analysis of the scale demonstrates a good model fit to the data with the one-factor structure established through the exploratory factor analysis. The scale exhibits good internal consistency, with a Cronbach's alpha of 0.95. Study III involves validation of the scale, with evidence for convergent validity collected from a sample of university students (N = 200). The results reveal that the research misconduct scale has significant positive correlations with academic stress and procrastination and a significant negative correlation with academic achievement. The obtained convergent validity testifies that the scale can be considered a psychometrically sound instrument to measure research misconduct among social science university students.

Development and Validation of Religious Sectarian Intolerance Scale for Muslim Adults in Pakistan.

Religious sectarian intolerance occurs when members of different religious sects within a faith are unable to tolerate the religious beliefs and practices of each resulting in bigotry and prejudice toward each other. The present research sought to develop a psychometrically sound measure of religious sectarian intolerance for Muslim adults. The research comprised two studies. Study I involved the development of an initial item pool for the Religious Sectarian Intolerance Scale (RSIS). The initial pool of items was based on thematic analysis from focus group discussions. This item pool was reviewed by a committee of experts resulting in a 39-item initial draft of the RSIS, which was administered to a purposive sample of Pakistani Muslim adults (N = 270). The exploratory factor analysis revealed a four-factor structure for the RSIS (with loadings ranging from 0.56 to 0.94) that explained 62% of the variance. The factors include dogmatic loyalty (9 items), social intolerance (13 items), renunciation of other religious Sects. (8 items), and propagation of one's Sect. (9 items). All factors were moderately related to each other with acceptable Cronbach's alpha (.78 to .92). Study II replicated the factorial structure of RSIS through confirmatory factor analysis on an independent sample of Muslim adults (N = 274). The convergent validity of the RSIS was demonstrated by a positive relationship with dogmatism. Overall, the findings indicated that the RSIS is a psychometrically sound measure that provides a standard operationalization for religious sectarian intolerance in Muslim cultures and it needs to be studied further in Muslim populations across the globe.

Construction and Piloting of Attitude Towards Research Participation Scale for University Students.

INTRODUCTION: Attitude toward participation in the research plays an important role in the quality of any research. Therefore, researchers aimed at construction and piloting of scale to measure attitude toward research participation for university students. METHOD AND RESULTS: In Study I, an initial pool of items was generated on the basis of literature review, semi-structured interviews and expert opinions. After ensuring content validity and finalizing items with the help of experts, the scale was applied on a sample of 426 university students including both men (n = 114) and women (n = 312) with age range of 17-30. Exploratory factor analysis revealed the two factor structure was with 60.33% cumulative variance. The factors revealed were positive attitude and negative attitude toward research with alpha reliability of 0.84 for positive attitude while 0.76 for negative attitude. In Study II, confirmatory factor analysis revealed excellent model fit indices with two factor structure. Study III was meant to provide evidence of construct validity. Positive correlation showed exploration and curiosity with positive attitude toward research and negative correlation of exploration and curiosity with negative attitude toward research participation provided strong evidence for convergent validity. While non-significant correlation of attitude toward research with religiosity confirmed the divergent validity of the scale. CONCLUSION: Findings of the study revealed that Attitude Toward Research Participation Scale is a valid and reliable measure. It can be used for university students to measure their attitude toward research.

Effect of perceived husband's support on postpartum depression: Mediating role of need for approval.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the mediating role of need of approval between perceived husband's support and postpartum depression. METHODS: The cross-sectional study was conducted from December 2017 to May 2018 and comprised women diagnosed with postpartum depression at different public-sector hospitals of district Gujarat in the Punjab province of Pakistan. Urdu versions of the Marital Empathy Scale, the Need for Approval subscale of the Dysfunctional Attitude Scale Form A-17, and the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale were used to collect relevant data which was then analysed using SPSS (version 26). RESULTS: Of the 170 women, 101(59.4%) belonged to rural background, and 108(63.5%) had a girl as their last child. The overall mean age was 29.81±5.66 years (range: 18-42 years). Perceived husband's support had negative significant direct effect on need of approval (p<0.01) and postpartum depression (p<0.01). Need of approval had significant positive direct effect on postpartum depression (p<0.05). The significant indirect effect of perceived husband's support through need of approval on postpartum depression was negative (p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Perceived husband's support reduced the need of approval, which in turn, lowered the degree of postpartum depression.

Construction and Validation of Institutional Identity Scale for University Students.

The current study presents the validation process of a measure of institutional identity for university students. The research is composed of two studies. Study I consisted of the generation of an item pool based on the literature review, semi-structured interviews, and expert opinion, which were administered to a convenient sample of university students (n = 707; 300 males and 407 females) in Pakistan. Exploratory factor analysis yielded a two-factor structure with 20 items, and the factors were named commitment (α = 0.84) and crisis (α = 0.74). The two-factor solution was confirmed through confirmatory factor analysis, which revealed an excellent model fit with the two-factor structure. Study II reports on the convergent and divergent validity of the scale which was carried out on an independent sample (n = 120). Results provided evidence of convergent validity as depression correlated negatively with the commitment subscale and positively with the crisis subscale. Divergent validity was ensured by a non-significant correlation between the subscales of the newly developed scale and a measure of religious belief. Moreover, the implications and limitations of the study are discussed.

Process of career identity formation among adolescents: components and factors.

To qualitatively explore the process and factors that influence career identity formation, data were collected from 18 middle adolescents of age ranged between 15 and 17 years. Thematic analysis revealed that the process of career identity comprised exploration, commitment, and reconsideration components. Eight factors (viz., parental influence, peer influence, religious orientation, media, nationalism, economic conditions, teachers' power, and personal preferences) appeared to influence the exploration component of career identity. Exploration of possible careers lead towards commitment after being influenced by expected outcomes (economic benefits, religious benefits, social standards, and functional gains). Satisfaction with the expected outcomes of the explored career help participants to reach at commitment. After being committed to any career, identity appeared to be bifurcated into identity achievement and identity confusion. The adolescents who were contented and consistent appeared to achieve their career identity and identity confusion lead towards the reconsideration of their career plans. Eventually, at one side, reconsideration may lead towards exploration with new choices and opportunities. While on the other hand, as a result of reassurance, individuals may revert back towards their previously committed career identity. This paper provides theoretical and practical implications for the career development of adolescents.

Impact of academic psychological capital on academic achievement among university undergraduates: Roles of flow and self-handicapping behavior.

The present research explored the mediating roles of flow and self-handicapping behaviors in the relationship between academic psychological capital (PsyCap) and academic achievement in a purposive sample of university undergraduates (N = 300). Components of academic PsyCap were measured with the Perceived Self-efficacy subscale of the Student Approaches to Learning Scale, the Life Orientation Test - Academics, the Academic Hope Scale, and the Academic Resilience Scale. Flow and self-handicapping behaviors were measured with the Flow Short Scale and the Self-handicapping Scale Revised, respectively. Students' cumulative grade point averages (CGPAs) in the previous semester were taken as an index of their academic achievement. The measurement model of the study revealed a good fit to the data and the structural model indicated the positive direct effects of academic PsyCap and flow and the negative effect of self-handicapping behaviors on academic achievement. Both flow and self-handicapping behaviors demonstrated a parallel mediation between academic PsyCap and CGPA such that academic PsyCap decreased self-handicapping behaviors, which in turn resulted in improved CGPA; on the other hand, academic PsyCap enhanced the flow experience, which led to improved academic achievement. Implications of the study and recommendations for future research are reflected upon.

Construction and Validation of Afterlife Belief Scale for Muslims.

The purpose of this study was to develop a scale in Urdu language for measuring different dimensions of afterlife belief. The scale was subjected to exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis on a sample of 504 individuals (235 men and 269 women) recruited from different cities in the Punjab, Pakistan. After exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis, 16 items were retained with three well-defined factor structures of afterlife belief: positive, negative, and extinction. The alpha coefficients of the subscales ranged from .65 to .78. Convergent and discriminant validity of the subscales of Afterlife Belief Scale was determined by finding its relationship with the Pleasant Afterlife Belief Scale, the Unpleasant Afterlife Belief Scale, the Anxiety Subscale of DASS, and the Belief in Equitable World Scale. The results support that the newly developed scale has promising validity.

Urdu Translation and Validation of Short Muslim Practice and Belief Scale in Pakistan.

The present study was conducted to translate and validate the Short Muslim Practice and Belief Scale (SMPBS) (AlMarri, Oei, & Al-Adawi, 2009) to have a culturally equivalent and linguistically accurate Urdu version for use in Pakistan. Forward backward translation method was used for translation followed by tryout of the scale. Urdu translated version of the scale was completed by 500 participants of different age groups (M = 36.5, SD = 10.1). Based on a confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), results confirmed that a two-factor model with the factors practice and belief provided an excellent fit to the data with chi square 55.96 (df = 26, p > .05), CFI =.96, GFI = .97, and RMSEA = .04. Cronbach's alpha reliability coefficient was .78. Cross-language validation determined on a sample of 60 participants was satisfactory. Convergent validity of the scale was established by finding its significant positive correlation with religious practice and belief scale (r = .64, p < .001) and significant negative correlation with depression (r = -.18, p < .001) revealed its divergent validity.

Urdu translation and validation of short muslim practice and belief scale in Pakistan

The present study was conducted to translate and validate the Short Muslim Practice and Belief Scale (SMPBS) (AlMarri, Oei, & Al-Adawi, 2009) to have a culturally equivalent and linguistically accurate Urdu version for use in Pakistan. Forward backward translation method was used for translation followed by tryout of the scale. Urdu translated version of the scale was completed by 500 participants of different age groups (M = 36.5, SD = 10.1). Based on a confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), results confirmed that a two-factor model with the factors practice and belief provided an excellent fit to the data with chi square 55.96 (df = 26, p > .05), CFI =.96, GFI = .97, and RMSEA = .04. Cronbach’s alpha reliability coefficient was .78. Cross-language validation determined on a sample of 60 participants was satisfactory. Convergent validity of the scale was established by finding its significant positive correlation with religious practice and belief scale (r = .64, p < .001) and significant negative correlation with depression (r = -.18, p < .001) revealed its divergent validity (AU)

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